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Scientific Article

What is choline and which foods contain it?

A little-discussed nutrient that resembles the B vitamins but is not quite one: choline. Here we cover choline’s place in the body, the foods that contain it and the intake levels recommended by official bodies.

BodyBio Türkiye · Scientific Article · 6 min read

Choline’s place in the body

Choline is a shared component of three major structures: the phospholipids that build cell membranes (chiefly phosphatidylcholine), the neurotransmitter acetylcholine that works in the nervous system, and the lipoproteins involved in fat transport in the liver. It also participates in methyl-group metabolism (the homocysteine cycle).

The body can make some choline itself; but the consensus of official bodies is that this production alone is not sufficient and that choline is a nutrient that must also come from the diet.

Choline’s place in the history of science is old as well: the molecule was isolated from bile in the 1860s by the German chemist Adolph Strecker and takes its name from the Greek word chole, meaning bile. Its formal recognition as an essential nutrient is relatively recent: the US Institute of Medicine took that step in 1998.

Official intake recommendations

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) set 400 mg of choline per day as the “adequate intake” for adults. US bodies use 550 mg for adult men and 425 mg for women. Recommended levels are higher during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Which foods contain it?

The richest sources are animal foods: egg yolk (a single large egg contains about 147 mg of choline), beef and chicken liver, meat, fish and dairy. On the plant side, soy, kidney beans, quinoa, broccoli and peanuts can be listed.

Dietary surveys show that average choline intake in many countries runs below recommended levels — especially in groups that do not eat eggs or organ meats.

For those who do not eat meat, eggs or organ meats, the picture needs more attention: the choline density of plant sources is generally lower. Bringing soy products, legumes, quinoa and broccoli to the table regularly is a practical way to support choline intake on a plant-forward diet.

Choline and phosphatidylcholine

Much of the choline in foods is present not as free choline but in bound forms such as phosphatidylcholine. So when we speak of a food’s “choline content,” we are mostly talking about its phospholipids.

Needs that change with life stage

Official recommendations differ by age and life stage. EFSA set adequate intakes of 480 mg per day during pregnancy and 520 mg while breastfeeding — because choline is passed from mother to baby in these periods. Separate, age-graded levels are also defined for children.

These figures sketch a target range; the soundest assessment for your individual situation comes from a health professional who knows your dietary history.

In short

  • Choline is part of membrane phospholipids, acetylcholine and liver lipoproteins.
  • EFSA’s adequate intake for adults is 400 mg per day.
  • Egg yolk and liver are among the richest sources.
  • Choline in foods is mostly in the form of phosphatidylcholine.

BodyBio PC is a supplement offered as a phospholipid complex. To explore the product and its contents:

Explore BodyBio PC

Sources

  1. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products. “Dietary Reference Values for choline.” EFSA Journal, 2016. efsa.europa.eu
  2. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. “Choline — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.” ods.od.nih.gov

This content is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Consult a healthcare professional for decisions about supplement use or your health.

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